This article explains cloud‑native fundamentals, the evolving role of DevOps in the cloud‑native era, and presents a detailed GitOps secure release model with architecture diagrams, branch‑to‑environment mappings, Jenkins pipelines, and supporting tools for efficient, safe application delivery.
This article examines the long‑standing technical and operational challenges of Alibaba's DataWorks platform—such as heavy legacy baggage, complex environments, tight coupling, and frequent releases—and explains how adopting a cloud‑native microservice architecture, service mesh, and DevOps practices can transform the platform into a flexible, scalable, and future‑proof data development ecosystem.
This article introduces Kong, a cloud‑native API gateway, outlines its key features such as high performance, plugin architecture, and traffic control, explains why it solves common microservice challenges, and provides detailed deployment, clustering, plugin development, and troubleshooting guidance with practical code examples.
This article introduces Kong, a cloud‑native API gateway, outlines its key features such as high performance, plugin architecture, and built‑in security, explains why it solves common microservice challenges like unified entry, scalability and CI/CD, and provides step‑by‑step guidance for deployment, clustering, custom plugin development, and troubleshooting.
This article explains how to construct a full‑stack microservice system using Spring Boot, Spring Cloud, Docker, and Netflix OSS tools, covering functional services, infrastructure components such as configuration, authentication, API gateway, service discovery, load balancing, circuit breaking, monitoring, logging, security, and continuous delivery pipelines.
The 2019 cloud‑native survey of over 400 enterprises across finance, energy, manufacturing and automotive sectors showed that 70.7% planned container, DevOps and micro‑service initiatives, 70% saw modest IT budget growth, and 11.4% had piloted benchmark cloud‑native practices, prompting a 2020 follow‑up study to assess current adoption and challenges.
The article introduces the MockRpc platform, which uses Spring‑based extensions and a mock server to fully decouple front‑end services from middle‑end services in a micro‑service architecture, enabling zero‑intrusion testing, configurable mock data, and improved development efficiency for JD Retail.
This article explains the technical differences between RPC and HTTP services, covering the OSI model, RPC architecture, synchronous versus asynchronous calls, and compares popular frameworks like gRPC, Thrift, and Dubbo to help developers choose the right approach for large‑scale systems.
The article explains how to use feature flags in a three‑tier microservice architecture, describing the need for both high‑level end‑to‑end tests and low‑level unit tests within CI/CD pipelines to ensure correct behavior when flags are on or off, while avoiding excessive test combinatorial explosion.
This article details Hema's approach to guaranteeing system stability for its offline and delivery operations, covering the complete smart‑dispatch architecture, exhaustive dependency analysis, database and middleware safeguards, monitoring strategies, gray‑release practices, testing methods, and emergency response procedures that together enabled a year of zero failures.
This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on Spring Cloud, covering its core components such as Eureka service discovery, Ribbon client‑side load balancing, OpenFeign declarative REST calls, Hystrix circuit breaking, Zuul API gateway, Config centralized configuration, and the Spring Cloud Bus for dynamic updates, complete with code examples and architectural diagrams.
This article compares Dubbo and Spring Cloud across architecture, performance, development difficulty, community activity, and ecosystem integration, offering practical guidance on choosing the right micro‑service framework for different team sizes and business needs.
The article proposes a universal caching solution for low‑frequency static business data in microservice systems, detailing why caching is required, the role of services, queues, Redis, consistency checks, and trade‑offs such as cache expiration and operational complexity.
This article explains the conceptual differences between SOA and microservice architectures, compares ESB with API gateways, outlines the characteristics of each approach, and provides practical guidelines for designing and managing Dubbo services in a distributed backend system.
This article explains the fundamentals of Service Mesh, why it is needed in micro‑service environments, compares the two leading implementations Istio and AWS App Mesh, and shares practical deployment experiences and best‑practice recommendations for cloud‑native applications.
Spring Cloud Alibaba’s latest release upgrades core dependencies like Spring Cloud Hoxton, Seata, Sentinel, and Dubbo, introduces numerous enhancements such as new health indicators, reactive discovery, refined configuration handling, and adds Nacos and Sentinel components to Spring Initializr for easier project generation.
The article examines the evolution of web application architecture toward stateless microservices and stateful data stores, discusses the silo problem created by heterogeneous components, and explains how the open‑source DC/OS platform can unify management, improve scalability, and streamline development.
This article explains why microservice architectures need circuit breaking and degradation, introduces Alibaba's Sentinel as a lightweight traffic‑control solution, guides you through deploying the Sentinel dashboard, and details how to configure and apply gateway flow‑control rules for Spring Cloud gateways.
This article outlines how modern internet companies design a scalable architecture by integrating DNS resolution, load balancing strategies, persistent connections, API gateways, push notification systems, microservice communication, distributed transactions, and supporting infrastructure services.
iQIYI has adopted Apache Dubbo since 2019, building a custom SPI‑based plugin system, integrating registration, configuration and metadata centers, enhancing availability with instance‑level health checks and Sentinel circuit‑breaking, implementing region‑aware routing and AK/SK authentication, and contributing extensive optimizations and future‑oriented plans to the open‑source Dubbo ecosystem.
This article walks through the transformation of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic website to a fully fledged microservice architecture, highlighting the motivations, design decisions, common pitfalls, and essential components such as monitoring, tracing, logging, gateways, service discovery, circuit breaking, testing strategies, and service mesh adoption.
This article explains the fundamentals of Linux iptables—including its role with netfilter, rule ordering, tables and chains—then walks through packet‑processing flows and three practical scenarios such as Envoy traffic hijacking, massive long‑connection handling, and bastion‑host security.
This tutorial walks you through using Spring Boot Actuator to monitor microservice applications, covering quick setup, essential endpoints such as health, metrics, loggers, and shutdown, customizing health indicators, dynamically changing log levels at runtime, and securing actuator endpoints with Spring Security.
This comprehensive guide explains the benefits of microservices and walks through core building blocks such as RPC, service discovery, configuration management, task scheduling, distributed locking, unified monitoring, caching strategies, message queues, distributed transactions, CAP theory, seckill handling, Docker isolation, and modern CI/CD deployment pipelines.
This article explains what a Service Mesh is, how it simplifies inter‑service communication in microservice architectures, outlines its core features, and reviews the two most popular open‑source implementations, Linkerd and Istio.
The article outlines a micro‑service based intelligent recommendation platform that supports over 40 scenarios, detailing its overall architecture, AB testing service, and the three core modules—index, recall, and filter—while also describing future plans for platform centralization and open development.
This article walks through the evolution of an online supermarket from a simple monolithic website to a fully split microservice system, highlighting the motivations, architectural changes, common pitfalls, and practical solutions such as monitoring, tracing, service discovery, circuit breaking, testing, and the eventual adoption of a service mesh.
This article outlines ten essential microservices best practices—from domain‑driven design and independent databases to async communication, observability, and organizational alignment—providing a comprehensive guide for building scalable, maintainable service‑oriented systems.
This article explains how to conduct proportional load testing for a microservice that exposes several APIs by using a custom Java performance‑testing framework, covering request deep‑copy handling, MarkRequest cloning, and a complete code example that drives concurrent requests according to a 1:2:3 ratio.
This article explains the fundamentals of microservices architecture, detailing its definition, core principles such as small independent services and lightweight communication, the advantages and drawbacks, suitable organizational contexts, and the essential technical components like service discovery, gateways, configuration centers, monitoring, circuit breaking, and container orchestration.
This article introduces the open‑source jvm‑sandbox‑repeater tool, explains its recording and replay mechanisms, shares a real‑world implementation with custom plugins, highlights performance considerations, and lists common pitfalls for reliable backend testing.
This article explains how the internally built jCover tool helps a fast‑moving Java backend team measure and improve test coverage across full‑stack, incremental, and parallel testing scenarios, addressing common challenges of agile development, tool limitations, and quality assurance.
This article examines the evolution from monolithic to microservice architectures and presents various authentication and authorization solutions—including SSO, distributed sessions, client tokens, JWT, and OAuth 2.0—highlighting their principles, advantages, and practical considerations for securing inter‑service and external access.
This article explains how to evolve a simple single‑node backend by adding a reverse proxy, introducing load balancers, scaling databases, adopting micro‑services, leveraging caches and CDNs, using message queues, and applying partitioning techniques to handle massive traffic while maintaining consistency and reliability.
This article compares Spring Cloud and Dubbo across protocol handling, performance tuning, load‑balancing strategies, fault‑tolerance mechanisms, and routing/traffic‑shaping features, highlighting their flexibility, configuration complexity, and suitability for different microservice scenarios.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of Toutiao's rapid growth and technical architecture, detailing its massive user base, data collection pipelines, user modeling, recommendation engines, storage solutions, message push mechanisms, micro‑service design, and virtualization PaaS platform.
To generate a user‑enriched order report in a microservice system, the article compares four approaches—direct DB access, REST data aggregation, batch pulling, and an event‑driven model—highlighting their trade‑offs in coupling, performance, scalability, and resilience, and recommends the event‑push solution.
Seata is an open‑source distributed transaction framework designed for microservice architectures, offering high performance and ease of use, with origins in Alibaba’s internal consistency middleware and now commercialized, and the article outlines its AT solution alongside a comprehensive Spring Cloud Alibaba tutorial covering Nacos, Sentinel, and Seata topics.
This article provides a comprehensive introduction to the Spring ecosystem, covering its core concepts such as IoC and AOP, detailing each of the seven framework modules, and explaining related projects like Spring MVC, Spring Security, Spring Data, Spring Boot, and Spring Cloud for modern Java backend development.
This article forecasts the 2020 software development landscape, highlighting the rise of cloud adoption, Kubernetes, micro‑services, Python, Java, emerging languages like Rust and Kotlin, JavaScript frameworks, API standards, SQL dominance, big‑data engines Spark and Flink, and the growing impact of WebAssembly.
During Double‑11 2022, Perfect Diary built a micro‑service e‑commerce platform in four months, confronting distributed transactions, database overload, cache pressure, and traffic spikes, and then applied cloud‑native optimizations, rate‑limiting, and pressure testing to achieve record‑breaking sales performance.
This article explains Zookeeper's core features—such as its tree‑like directory, persistent and ephemeral nodes, sequential ordering, and watcher mechanism—and demonstrates how these capabilities enable distributed locks and service registration/discovery within microservice architectures.
Since 2017, Tencent Online Education has migrated its siloed, self‑developed services to a unified cloud‑native architecture—standardizing micro‑services, selecting open‑source middleware, and enhancing DevOps with Kubernetes, CI/CD, and data migration—thereby boosting development efficiency, scalability, cost savings, and fostering a collaborative engineering culture.
In this year-end reflection, the author details the creation of several open-source projects—including a SpringBoot-based e-commerce system, its Vue admin panel, a learning tutorial, a lightweight skeleton, and a Spring Cloud micro-service version—highlighting the technologies, documentation, and architectural diagrams that earned over 30 k GitHub stars.
This guide explains why service discovery is essential, details Consul's internal architecture, walks through building a Docker‑based Consul cluster, shows how to register services, query them via HTTP API or DNS, and covers health checks, deregistration, and alternative deployment patterns.
Tangram is a home‑grown configuration center that replaces Spring Config Server by leveraging etcd’s high‑availability KV store, watch‑based dynamic updates, and multi‑language support to provide reliable, secure, and real‑time configuration management for microservice architectures.
This article introduces the fundamental concepts of microservices, covering their definition, advantages, design principles, core components such as service discovery, gateways, configuration centers, monitoring, circuit breaking, and container orchestration, while also discussing suitable organizational structures and practical implementation details.
The article walks through the evolution of a high‑traffic e‑commerce backend—from a single‑machine setup to distributed databases, load‑balancing, micro‑services, and finally cloud‑native deployment—highlighting the technical challenges and design principles at each stage.
This article explains the core components and data flow of Kubernetes, covering the Master‑Node relationship, APIServer layers, Controller Manager, Scheduler, kubelet, Service and kube‑proxy, and demonstrates deployment with practical Tomcat and MySQL examples using YAML configuration files.
The IntelliJ IDEA 2019.3 update brings faster startup, reduced memory usage, enhanced UI responsiveness, support for new microservice frameworks like Micronaut, Quarkus, Helidon, added MongoDB integration, numerous quality improvements, and a host of important bug fixes across platforms.
This article discusses the motivations behind moving beyond HTTP/HTTPS API testing to RPC service testing, outlines the difficulties of manual test code development, and presents an automated workflow—including Beetle integration, JSON-to-Java conversion, and template‑based test generation—to improve efficiency and reduce manual effort.
This article provides a comprehensive overview of microservices, covering its origin, definition, core principles such as small independent services, process isolation, lightweight communication, deployment and management, while discussing advantages, challenges, suitable organizational structures, and key technical components like service discovery, gateways, configuration centers, monitoring, circuit breaking, containers, and orchestration frameworks.
In just 30 days the used‑car division transformed its entire application portfolio from 3.33% to full containerization, cutting costs, speeding deployments, and handling 120 million daily requests, while sharing the practical lessons, challenges, and future goals learned from the journey.
This article describes how to implement a traffic management system using service isolation to address challenges in full-link pressure testing, parallel feature testing, and online gray release.
The iQIYI API Gateway, built on Kong/Nginx, offers a high‑performance, extensible entry point that centralizes API configuration, routing, authentication, rate‑limiting, and disaster‑recovery across regions, managing over 4,000 APIs and 30 billion daily requests while reducing operational complexity for micro‑service governance.
The article explains what business architecture is, its evolution from monolithic to micro‑service and platform models, shares 58.com’s real‑world experience, discusses common difficulties, and offers practical guidance for architects on modeling, technology selection, and aligning with cloud and middle‑platform strategies.
This article explains what DevOps is, outlines Zhenkunxing's DevOps planning and design principles, describes the 3+1 architecture comprising a container cloud platform, microservice platform and development toolchain, and discusses implementation phases, current achievements, and future AI‑enabled DevOps directions.
An in‑depth overview of the Spring ecosystem explains its core container, modules such as AOP, MVC, Data, Security, Boot and Cloud, detailing how IoC and dependency injection simplify Java enterprise development, and guides readers through configuration, architecture, and the advantages of using Spring for modern backend applications.
This article provides a thorough tutorial on using Spring‑Kafka, covering basic Maven setup, producer and consumer code, embedded Kafka for testing, programmatic topic creation, synchronous and asynchronous message sending, transaction handling, request‑reply patterns, advanced @KafkaListener options, manual acknowledgments, lifecycle control, message forwarding with @SendTo, and retry with dead‑letter queues.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the technical architecture behind a commercial advertising platform, covering business fundamentals, microservice migration, service governance, distributed storage, real‑time billing, and large‑scale reporting, and explains the practical engineering choices made at Alibaba.
This article explains the principles and interactions of Spring Cloud's core components—Eureka for service registration, Ribbon for client‑side load balancing, Feign for declarative REST calls, Hystrix for circuit breaking, and Zuul as an API gateway—providing a comprehensive guide for building resilient microservice architectures.
The article explains the progression of software architecture from simple monolithic systems to distributed applications, microservices, and finally serverless platforms, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each model for developers and organizations.
The GOPS 2019 Shanghai conference showcased a deep dive into microservice evolution, container adoption, and the TARS framework, offering practical guidance on selecting and future‑proofing service architectures for high‑performance, multi‑language environments.
This article traces Alibaba’s evolution from monolithic apps to micro‑services and cloud‑native architectures, explains the open‑source Open Application Model (OAM) with its Component, Trait and ApplicationConfiguration concepts, showcases its design principles, and demonstrates how the EDAS platform implements OAM to simplify application deployment and operations.
This article clarifies the distinction between enterprise mid‑platforms and microservices by defining each concept, outlining Alibaba's mid‑platform methodology and technical stack, explaining microservice architecture, and showing how the two complement each other in modern large‑scale systems.
This article explains why Tubi rewrote its legacy PHP ad platform, how it adopted Scala, Akka, and Reactive Streams to model the ad request lifecycle as a reactive stream, and details the first three processing steps—parsing, enrichment, and precise filtering—along with sample Scala filter code.
Spring Cloud Hoxton RC2, built on Spring Boot 2.2.1, introduces upgraded Vault, CircuitBreaker, Gateway, Config, OpenFeign, and Netflix components with new properties for disabling auto‑configurations and enabling encrypted value decryption, guiding developers on migration and usage.
Implementing an API gateway in a microservice architecture addresses key challenges such as external‑internal isolation, backend security, operational cost reduction, streamlined change processes, and client‑service decoupling, while enabling features like service circuit breaking, gray releases, and online testing to simplify development and improve reliability.
The article outlines Alibaba's progression from a monolithic All‑In‑One architecture through vertical application splitting, distributed services, and finally microservice adoption with Pandora container isolation, detailing technical stacks, challenges, operational practices, and future directions.
In this keynote from the 2019 Cloud Native Practice Summit, ThoughtWorks China CTO Xu Hao argues that the cloud’s fundamental power is copying images to create identical machines, urging a shift from scale‑up to scale‑out, defining elastic boundaries by business context, and adopting replication‑first thinking for cost‑effective cloud‑native architecture.
This article examines a universal caching solution for business static data in microservice systems, detailing the definition of static data, the need for caching, a six‑component architecture involving Redis, queues, and consistency checks, and the trade‑offs of various design choices.
This article presents Ant Financial’s extensive Service Mesh deployment, detailing its evolution from research to a global‑scale mesh of over 100 k pods, performance measurements, optimization techniques, operational practices, migration strategies, and practical recommendations for organizations considering Service Mesh adoption.
JD.com's Smart Supply Chain Y Business Management team collaborated across divisions to implement AI‑driven demand forecasting, automated replenishment, micro‑service architecture, and real‑time monitoring, enabling precise inventory control, cost reduction, and seamless 11.11 promotion fulfillment through integrated planning, pricing, and fulfillment innovations.
This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on building a full‑stack application by setting up front‑end tools like Node.js and Vue.js, creating Vue projects with CLI, using Vue directives, routing and Axios for API calls, and integrating a Spring Boot backend with RESTful services, Dubbo RPC, and Spring Cloud components for microservice architecture.
The article reviews common microservice deployment options, cross‑cutting concerns such as configuration, logging and health checks, explains API gateways, service discovery, circuit breakers, discusses data‑ownership strategies, and lists typical anti‑patterns to avoid when building cloud‑native backend systems.
Jenkins pipelines, defined as Groovy code, enable version‑controlled, reusable CI/CD jobs for complex multi‑service environments, simplifying repetitive tasks such as URL updates, providing change tracking, and automating builds, tests, and releases across branches via Jenkinsfile.
This article presents Ant Financial's extensive Service Mesh journey, detailing its multi‑stage large‑scale rollout, performance measurements during the 618 and upcoming Double‑11 events, the technical challenges encountered, optimization techniques applied to the data‑plane and control‑plane, and practical advice for organizations considering Service Mesh adoption.
The interview with Lingque Cloud CTO Chen Kai explores how cloud native has moved from popularization to practical implementation, covering Kubernetes maturity, Service Mesh and Serverless evolution, microservice governance challenges, digital transformation implications, and the company's latest platform upgrades.
The article explains how to improve system scalability through hardware and software architecture enhancements, defines idempotency and its importance for preventing duplicate processing, and describes a practical implementation using unique request identifiers to ensure consistent responses for repeated API calls.
This article explains Seata’s architecture, core components, and step‑by‑step AT mode workflow—including transaction initiation, branch handling, undo‑log mechanisms, and two‑phase commit/rollback—providing a practical guide for implementing reliable distributed transactions in microservice systems.
This article explains why rate limiting is essential for microservice stability, compares leaky‑bucket and token‑bucket algorithms, shows how to implement local and distributed throttling with Java's AtomicLong, Redis, and a control‑server architecture, and points to an open‑source project for practical use.
This article explains what an API gateway is, why it’s crucial for microservice architectures, outlines its core functions such as authentication, load balancing, traffic control, and logging, describes its typical three‑layer architecture, dives into technical principles like protocol conversion and asynchronous processing, and compares popular open‑source gateways such as Kong, Traefik, Ambassador, and Zuul.
APISIX, a newly incubated Apache project, is a cloud‑native, high‑performance, extensible API gateway built on OpenResty and etcd, offering dynamic routing, hot‑reloading plugins, and a rich feature set that makes it ideal for modern microservice architectures.
At the 2019 Cloud Native State of the Union speech, CTO Chen Kai highlighted the maturation of cloud native technologies, the central role of Kubernetes and operators, the shift toward hybrid and multi‑cloud deployments, and practical guidance for adopting cloud native infrastructure, service mesh, and API management in enterprises.
This article explains Eureka's normal workflow, how it registers services, replicates data, and maintains local caches, and details its fallback mechanisms, unavailable server handling, full‑outage resilience, and self‑preservation feature to keep microservice discovery reliable.
This article explains the motivations behind adopting microservice architecture, outlines the problems it solves such as poor scalability, reliability and maintenance, describes the benefits and new challenges of service‑oriented design, and concludes with a concise summary of its advantages and trade‑offs.
Xianyu’s architecture progressed through four stages—trial, growth, platform, and cloud‑native integration—each aligning technical choices with business needs, shifting from rapid hybrid routing to automated services, extensible frameworks, and finally a unified Flutter/Dart stack that cuts development effort, boosts collaboration, and accelerates iteration.
qrpc is a lightweight, high‑performance RPC framework that adopts gRPC's streaming and bidirectional concepts without HTTP/2, offering a smaller binary, lower memory usage, up to three‑fold throughput gains, and flexible modes such as blocking, non‑blocking, streaming, push, and bidirectional calls, all demonstrated with Go code examples and real‑world use cases.
This article summarizes the key concepts, advantages, and practical implementations of distributed architecture at Ant Financial, covering microservice migration, modular development, database vertical and horizontal sharding, high‑availability mechanisms, gray‑release, and fault‑tolerant settlement workflows.
This article describes how Ctrip introduced a customized Dubbo framework called CDubbo, covering the motivations for adopting Dubbo, the initial implementation of service governance and monitoring, and subsequent extensions such as callback enhancement, serialization support, circuit‑breaking, testing tools, and a bastion testing gateway.
The Open Application Model (OAM) introduced by Alibaba Cloud and Microsoft provides a platform‑agnostic, extensible standard that separates developer and operator concerns, defines reusable components and traits, and enables consistent, portable management of cloud‑native applications across diverse environments.
This comprehensive guide walks you through the fundamentals, design patterns, consistency models, core components, and engineering practices of modern distributed systems, helping you understand micro‑service architecture, network protocols, data management, fault tolerance, and performance optimization in cloud‑native environments.
This article explains Conway’s Law and its four principles, showing how an organization’s communication patterns dictate system design, affect microservice adoption, agile practices, and the need for political navigation in large‑scale software architecture.
This article outlines eight core principles for designing a business middle platform, covering service loose coupling, dependency management, design guidelines, naming, granularity, statelessness, operation design, and constraint rules to ensure scalable, maintainable, and business‑aligned services.
This article explores Dubbo's graceful shutdown mechanisms across versions 2.5.x, 2.6.x, and 2.7.x, detailing the underlying shutdown hooks, registry and protocol cleanup, Spring integration challenges, and best‑practice configurations to ensure in‑flight requests complete without service disruption.
The article explains Conway’s Law and its four derived principles, showing how communication structures shape system design, why small teams reduce complexity, how agile and micro‑service approaches address time and scalability constraints, and why architecture decisions are inherently political.
Facing tangled microservice calls and heavy front‑end data stitching, Fangdd’s engineering team evolved from monolithic PHP to a multi‑layered microservice architecture, introducing Duo‑GraphQL to unify data via GraphQL providers, a BFF layer, and optimized engine, dramatically improving development speed and performance.
The article explains cloud native concepts, detailing its key characteristics, four foundational pillars, organizational practices, architectural patterns, essential tooling, and operational responsibilities that enable agile, scalable, and highly available applications built on cloud infrastructure.
This article traces the evolution of enterprise distributed application architectures—from early SOA through microservices to modern cloud‑native and service‑mesh designs—explaining the underlying complexity challenges, architectural principles, and the trade‑offs that shape today’s agile IT systems.
This article explains how microservices, unlike monolithic applications, rely on inter‑process communication mechanisms, describes various interaction styles, API definition and evolution, handling partial failures, and compares synchronous (REST, Thrift) and asynchronous (messaging) IPC technologies.
