Calibration Techniques for User Behavior Prediction in Online Advertising: Background, Algorithm Evolution, and Engineering Practice
This article introduces the concept of calibration in trustworthy machine learning, explains why accurate probability estimates are crucial for online advertising, reviews related research and evaluation metrics, and details the evolution of calibration algorithms such as Smoothed Isotonic Regression, Bayes‑SIR, real‑time optimizations, and post‑click conversion models, concluding with engineering deployment and future directions.
