Evolution and Applications of Data Processing Units (DPUs) in Modern Cloud Computing
The article outlines the four evolutionary stages of network adapters—from traditional NICs to SmartNICs, FPGA‑based DPUs, and single‑chip DPU SoCs—explains their hardware features and offload capabilities, and surveys real‑world DPU deployments in AWS Nitro, Nvidia BlueField, Intel IPU, Alibaba Cloud CIPU, and Volcano Engine, highlighting their impact on data‑center performance, cost, and programmability.