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21CTO
21CTO
Aug 8, 2015 · Backend Development

How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Load Balancing, Caching, and More

The article distills Will Larson’s insights on designing horizontally scalable systems, covering linear capacity growth, redundancy, load‑balancing strategies, caching layers, CDN usage, offline processing with message queues, Map‑Reduce for big data, and the benefits of introducing a platform layer to improve robustness and reusability.

CachingDistributed Systemsload balancing
0 likes · 12 min read
How to Build Horizontally Scalable Systems: Load Balancing, Caching, and More
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Aug 5, 2015 · Databases

Challenges and Strategies for Metadata Protection in Cloud Object Storage

This article examines the problems and trade‑offs of metadata protection in cloud object storage, highlighting the importance of reliability, availability, and consistency, and comparing primary‑secondary and multi‑replica models, including the WRN algorithm and practical operational considerations.

ConsistencyDistributed SystemsObject Storage
0 likes · 28 min read
Challenges and Strategies for Metadata Protection in Cloud Object Storage
Architect
Architect
Jul 24, 2015 · Operations

Distributed Cache Strategies for High‑Traffic Flash‑Sale Scenarios

The article reviews a 2014 Double‑11 flash‑sale caching solution, analyzing traffic spikes, evaluating scaling versus caching approaches, and proposing a sentinel‑based distributed cache that pre‑emptively refreshes data to avoid cache penetration and ensure high‑concurrency reliability.

Distributed Systemsbackendflash sale
0 likes · 8 min read
Distributed Cache Strategies for High‑Traffic Flash‑Sale Scenarios
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Jul 8, 2015 · Big Data

Understanding Logs: The Foundation of Distributed Systems, Data Integration, and Stream Processing

This article explains how logs—simple, append‑only, time‑ordered records—serve as the core abstraction behind databases, distributed systems, data integration pipelines, and modern stream‑processing platforms such as Kafka and Hadoop, illustrating their design, scalability, and practical challenges.

Big DataDistributed SystemsHadoop
0 likes · 45 min read
Understanding Logs: The Foundation of Distributed Systems, Data Integration, and Stream Processing
Architect
Architect
Jul 6, 2015 · Big Data

Understanding Logs: The Core of Distributed Systems and Data Integration

This article explains how logs—simple, append‑only, time‑ordered records—serve as the fundamental abstraction behind databases, distributed systems, data integration pipelines, and stream‑processing platforms like Kafka and Hadoop, illustrating their role in ordering, replication, scalability, and real‑time analytics.

Distributed SystemsHadoopKafka
0 likes · 48 min read
Understanding Logs: The Core of Distributed Systems and Data Integration
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 28, 2015 · Backend Development

Optimizing Asynchronous Processing in Distributed Systems: Insights from Facebook and Alibaba

The article summarizes Zhao Haiping’s 2015 QCon talk on how asynchronous processing, profiling, and dependency‑tree scheduling can dramatically improve performance and scalability of distributed backend systems, drawing lessons from Facebook’s migration to async PHP and Alibaba’s ongoing optimization efforts.

AsyncBackend PerformanceConcurrency
0 likes · 12 min read
Optimizing Asynchronous Processing in Distributed Systems: Insights from Facebook and Alibaba
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 22, 2015 · Backend Development

Stability Patterns for Maintaining Network Reliability in Distributed Systems

This article explains five stability patterns—retry, timeout, circuit breaker, handshaking, and bulkhead—used to keep distributed systems resilient, illustrates their implementation with JAX‑RS/RESTful services in Java, and shows how asynchronous Java 8 techniques further improve reliability.

Circuit BreakerDistributed SystemsJava
0 likes · 23 min read
Stability Patterns for Maintaining Network Reliability in Distributed Systems
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Jun 13, 2015 · Fundamentals

Key Characteristics and Design Principles of Distributed Systems

Distributed systems, long used since the 1970s and popularized by internet giants like Google, offer scalable, cost‑effective, and fault‑tolerant architectures by leveraging many low‑cost servers, emphasizing horizontal scaling, avoidance of single points of failure, minimal inter‑node communication, and stateless services for elastic application deployment.

Distributed Systemsfault tolerancehorizontal scaling
0 likes · 13 min read
Key Characteristics and Design Principles of Distributed Systems
Architect
Architect
Jun 3, 2015 · Fundamentals

Curated Learning Materials for System Architecture and Distributed Computing

This article presents a curated collection of seminal papers and resources covering operating systems, virtual machines, system design principles, distributed algorithms, overlay networking, and debugging techniques to help engineers deepen their understanding of system architecture and advance beyond growth bottlenecks.

Distributed SystemsOperating SystemsResearch Papers
0 likes · 12 min read
Curated Learning Materials for System Architecture and Distributed Computing
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
May 21, 2015 · Fundamentals

Key Characteristics and Design Principles of Distributed Systems

The article explains the origins, core features such as scalability, cost‑effectiveness, fault tolerance, and elastic expansion of distributed systems, and outlines design philosophies like low hardware requirements, horizontal scaling, avoidance of single points of failure, minimized inter‑node communication, and stateless service architecture.

Distributed Systemsfault tolerancehorizontal scaling
0 likes · 11 min read
Key Characteristics and Design Principles of Distributed Systems
MaGe Linux Operations
MaGe Linux Operations
Apr 28, 2015 · Big Data

How LinkedIn Scales Kafka to Billions of Messages Every Day

This article explains how LinkedIn uses Apache Kafka as a high‑throughput, fault‑tolerant messaging backbone, detailing its architecture, message categories, layered replication, audit mechanisms, and the engineering practices that keep billions of daily messages reliable and fast.

Big DataDistributed SystemsKafka
0 likes · 11 min read
How LinkedIn Scales Kafka to Billions of Messages Every Day
Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure
Alibaba Cloud Infrastructure
Apr 26, 2015 · Cloud Computing

Key Topics from the 2015 Beijing QCon: Asynchronous Processing, DRC Data Replication, High Availability, and Cloud Database Operations

The 2015 Beijing QCon highlighted four technical talks covering asynchronous processing in distributed systems, the DRC data‑replication infrastructure, minute‑level high‑availability fault recovery, and cloud‑era database operations, illustrating Alibaba's approaches to scalability and reliability in modern cloud platforms.

Distributed SystemsQConasynchronous processing
0 likes · 6 min read
Key Topics from the 2015 Beijing QCon: Asynchronous Processing, DRC Data Replication, High Availability, and Cloud Database Operations
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Apr 1, 2015 · Backend Development

Design Goals, Challenges, and Evolution of Large-Scale Website Architecture

This article examines the objectives, challenges, evolutionary technologies, design principles, and practical strategies such as resource separation, caching, load balancing, database read/write splitting, CDN, distributed storage, and consistency models that are essential for building and scaling large‑scale website architectures.

CachingDistributed Systemsload balancing
0 likes · 10 min read
Design Goals, Challenges, and Evolution of Large-Scale Website Architecture
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Art of Distributed System Architecture Design
Mar 25, 2015 · Operations

How WhatsApp Scaled to 400 Million Daily Messages with a 10‑Engineer Team

This article examines how WhatsApp grew its user base, message volume, and infrastructure dramatically over two years while keeping the engineering team at ten, detailing the architectural choices, Erlang‑based stack, hardware scaling, decoupling strategies, and the operational challenges that led to both performance gains and a major outage.

Distributed SystemsErlangMnesia
0 likes · 15 min read
How WhatsApp Scaled to 400 Million Daily Messages with a 10‑Engineer Team
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Jan 21, 2015 · Fundamentals

Data Consistency, Replication, and Distributed Transaction Protocols: From Partitioning to Paxos and Dynamo

The article examines the challenges of scaling a single‑server data service, compares data partitioning and replication, explains consistency models, and surveys distributed transaction protocols such as 2PC, 3PC, Paxos, and Dynamo's NWR model, highlighting their trade‑offs in availability, consistency, and performance.

CAP theoremData ConsistencyDistributed Systems
0 likes · 26 min read
Data Consistency, Replication, and Distributed Transaction Protocols: From Partitioning to Paxos and Dynamo
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Dec 29, 2014 · Backend Development

Consistent Hashing: Principles, Monotonicity, and Virtual Nodes

This article explains the consistent hashing algorithm, its motivation in cache systems, the concept of monotonicity, the step‑by‑step mapping process, and how virtual nodes improve balance and resilience when cache servers are added or removed.

Distributed Systemsconsistent hashingload balancing
0 likes · 9 min read
Consistent Hashing: Principles, Monotonicity, and Virtual Nodes
Qunar Tech Salon
Qunar Tech Salon
Oct 31, 2014 · Operations

Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: Findings from an Analysis of Five Open‑Source Distributed Systems

A recent study of five major open‑source distributed systems reveals that most failures can be triggered and reproduced with simple, multi‑event tests, highlighting the importance of systematic testing, deterministic error handling, and concise logging for reliable system operation.

Bug AnalysisDistributed SystemsReliability
0 likes · 6 min read
Simple Testing Can Prevent Most Critical Failures: Findings from an Analysis of Five Open‑Source Distributed Systems
Baidu Tech Salon
Baidu Tech Salon
Apr 30, 2014 · Backend Development

Logical Coupling, Service Layer Design, and Distributed System Architecture for Large-Scale Web Applications

The article examines the inevitability of service coupling in large‑scale web applications and proposes a two‑dimensional architecture that separates business and logic layers, uses internal data stores, introduces a naming‑and‑location service, selects appropriate transport and RPC protocols, and automates operations with health checks, load balancing, and failover to achieve continuous reliability.

Backend ArchitectureDistributed SystemsJava
0 likes · 29 min read
Logical Coupling, Service Layer Design, and Distributed System Architecture for Large-Scale Web Applications
Baidu Tech Salon
Baidu Tech Salon
Apr 29, 2014 · Backend Development

Evolution of Web Architecture: From Single‑Server Sites to Distributed Multi‑Machine Systems

The article traces web architecture’s evolution from simple single‑server Java/JSP sites through memory caching, load‑balanced multi‑machine logic, read/write separation, master‑slave replication or message‑queue syncing, horizontal/vertical sharding, and finally multi‑server web‑server deployments behind load balancers to achieve scalability and reliability.

CachingDistributed SystemsScalability
0 likes · 25 min read
Evolution of Web Architecture: From Single‑Server Sites to Distributed Multi‑Machine Systems
Baidu Tech Salon
Baidu Tech Salon
Apr 23, 2014 · Operations

How to Build Low‑Cost Real‑Time Collaborative Editing: From Edit Locks to Distributed OT

This article surveys practical approaches for implementing real‑time collaborative editing, comparing simple edit‑lock methods, line‑based diff/patch techniques, character‑level Myer's diff, and Operational Transformation—including distributed challenges—and offers recommendations based on project size and performance needs.

Diff AlgorithmDistributed Systemsconflict resolution
0 likes · 16 min read
How to Build Low‑Cost Real‑Time Collaborative Editing: From Edit Locks to Distributed OT