This article explains the core concepts of low‑code platforms, emphasizing visual editing as a mandatory feature, comparing declarative and imperative approaches, and detailing various front‑end (JSON‑to‑React via amis) and back‑end storage and logic implementations along with future trends.
This article explains the core principles of low‑code platforms, showing how visual (declarative) editing distinguishes low‑code from traditional code, and reviews various frontend and backend implementation schemes—including JSON‑to‑React rendering, storage strategies, JavaScript logic, and workflow engines—while highlighting their advantages and limitations.
This article shares a real‑world case study of a company operating fifteen web applications, describing how a hidden DB‑connection leak in a pod liveness probe caused severe latency, how the issue was diagnosed and fixed, and the four key take‑aways for reliable performance engineering.
This article provides a comprehensive guide for startup founders on selecting languages, components, processes, and tools to design and implement a complete backend technology stack, covering everything from project management and DNS to databases, monitoring, and deployment.
This article narrates the step‑by‑step design of a workflow engine, starting with a linear approval chain and progressively adding parallel, conditional, nested, proxy, timing, and scripting capabilities, illustrating how each new requirement reshapes the underlying tree‑structured state machine.
This comprehensive guide explains how Python can interface with C dynamic libraries using ctypes, covering installation, data types, pointer manipulation, buffer creation, DLL loading methods, Windows API calls, and advanced techniques such as structures, unions, arrays, and process control.
The article explains why high‑traffic systems store data in databases but use fast caches like Redis, outlines the inherent consistency problems between cache and database, evaluates four update‑delete strategies with concurrency scenarios, and recommends practical solutions such as post‑update cache eviction, delayed double deletion, expiration policies, message queues, and binlog listeners to achieve eventual consistency.
This article explains why caching is essential for high‑read workloads, describes the consistency challenges when data resides in both MySQL and Redis, compares four cache‑update strategies, and offers practical recommendations such as using expiration, delayed double‑delete, message queues, and binlog subscription to achieve eventual consistency.
This article presents five practical performance‑optimization principles—pooling, sequential I/O, batching, reduction, and concurrency—explaining their rationale, real‑world examples such as object pools, ordered reads, batch APIs in MySQL/Redis/Kafka, sharding strategies, read/write separation, and common concurrency anomalies, while highlighting trade‑offs and implementation tips.
After deploying a project, a 500 Server Error appears the next day due to MySQL closing idle connections after the default 8‑hour wait_timeout, and the article explains how to verify the issue, adjust wait_timeout, use autoReconnect, and properly configure the HikariCP connection pool to prevent the failure.
The article explains how to prevent duplicate user requests on the server by using unique request IDs, hashing request parameters, excluding volatile fields, and implementing an atomic Redis SETNX‑with‑expiration pattern with Java code examples and a reusable deduplication helper class.
This article explains common inventory deduction scenarios, compares three solutions—single‑record MySQL, multi‑record MySQL, and Redis with Lua scripting—analyzes their drawbacks, and provides a complete Java implementation including a StockService, Redis lock, and controller for managing stock safely under high concurrency.
This article explains the technical distinctions between HTTP GET and POST requests, covering how parameters are transmitted, practical limitations imposed by browsers and servers, differences in caching, security, and packet flow, and why both methods ultimately rely on the same TCP/IP transport.
The 2022 Java ecosystem report reveals Java 11 surpassing Java 8 as the dominant runtime, highlights the modest adoption of non‑LTS releases like Java 14, shows Oracle’s market share shrinking while Amazon rises, and examines how container‑based deployments affect CPU, memory, and garbage‑collector choices.
This article explains how NetEase Cloud Communication leverages the QUIC protocol—detailing its transport‑layer advantages over TCP, protocol‑level differences, and specific optimization practices such as multiplexing, unreliable DATAGRAM frames, compression, and dynamic redundancy—to dramatically improve audio‑video signaling latency, loss tolerance, and bandwidth utilization in challenging network conditions.
This article explains how to design Redis cache for relational list data such as user timelines or news feeds, covering fixed-length caching, consistency, resource utilization, using ZSET structures, handling additions, deletions, queries, and strategies like preloading, retry mechanisms, and asynchronous rebuilding.
This article examines performance bottlenecks in a high‑traffic e‑commerce product service and proposes data‑centric optimizations—including read‑only focus, field‑level selection via bit‑masking, and Redis hash storage—to reduce payload size, lower GC pressure, and improve latency while maintaining scalability.
This article details the five‑year evolution of a commercial advertising platform, the performance and architectural challenges it faced, the step‑by‑step Go‑based microservice reconstruction, and the resulting tenfold improvements in capacity, latency, and cost efficiency.
Baidu’s ToB Account Permission Platform provides a unified, configurable login and permission service—including multi‑tenant account management, SSO, OAuth, and the GD‑RBAC model—delivering secure, high‑performance access for over ten million enterprise accounts across multiple product lines.
This article explains how to use Python to convert hundreds of long URLs into short ones and later restore them, covering the rationale for short links, free and paid service options, and providing complete code examples for both shortening and expanding URLs.
This article explains the fundamental concepts, design requirements, and modeling approaches for payment account systems in e‑commerce, covering the distinction between payment and login accounts, transaction needs, accounting structures, entity and account models, and the detailed transaction model.
In a shared Elasticsearch cluster, the team used slow‑log analysis to pinpoint costly queries caused by unnecessary fuzzy matches and integer‑mapped low‑cardinality fields, then optimized them by converting matches to filters and remapping those fields to keyword, re‑indexing, which cut latency from over 100 ms to under 10 ms and eliminated slow‑query alerts.
Yearning is a lightweight, self‑contained MySQL SQL audit platform that offers query auditing, SQL review, permission management, and automated rollback, with simple installation steps and no reliance on third‑party tools, making it ideal for small and medium enterprises.
This article lists and explains twenty indispensable third‑party Java libraries—from logging and JSON parsing to HTTP clients, PDF generation, and embedded databases—helping developers boost productivity, avoid reinventing the wheel, and write more robust code.
This article examines various approaches to implementing delayed (scheduled) messages in distributed message queue systems, comparing external storage, RocksDB, Redis, and open‑source MQ solutions, and discusses their advantages, drawbacks, and practical considerations.
This article details the architecture, challenges, and solutions behind a high‑traffic Spring Festival shake‑and‑red‑packet system, covering prototype design, bandwidth and request‑rate handling, access clusters, overload protection, and iterative versions that achieved up to 110 billion shakes with peak loads of 14 million requests per second.
The article recounts a real‑world incident where a Java message‑queue system stalled for over ten minutes because an HTTP client call lacked a timeout, walks through the step‑by‑step debugging process, shows the problematic code, and provides proper timeout configurations for different HttpClient versions to prevent such blocks.
This guide explains how to launch a Java server in blocking debug mode using specific JVM options and then attach a remote debugger from an IDE, illustrated with command examples and screenshots of the connection setup.
This article outlines the step‑by‑step evolution of a high‑traffic e‑commerce backend—from a single‑machine setup to cloud‑native microservices—illustrating the technologies and design principles needed to scale from hundreds to tens of millions of concurrent users.
The JD Retail Technical Salon held on April 8, 2022 brought together internal and external experts to share experiences on open‑source projects, cloud‑native messaging, frontend and backend frameworks, and compliance, fostering sustainable open‑source ecosystems and encouraging community participation across JD’s engineering teams.
This article explores common e‑commerce backend challenges such as duplicate orders, order snapshots, cart storage, inventory oversell, logistics updates, account balance consistency, read‑write splitting, hot‑cold data separation, and sharding, and provides concrete design patterns and SQL examples to solve them.
This article examines the challenges faced by a transaction middleware platform, introduces a finite‑state‑machine (FSM) solution for order state flows, and compares traditional serial processing with future‑based staged concurrency and event‑driven concurrency models, highlighting their benefits and trade‑offs.
This article explains the concept of distributed locks, compares three common implementation schemes—database unique indexes, Redis SETNX, and Zookeeper temporary sequential nodes—and provides complete Java code examples for each, along with analysis of re‑entrancy, lock release timing, and single‑point failures.
This guide outlines comprehensive backend API design recommendations, covering appropriate HTTP status codes, JSON request bodies, unique resource identifiers, timestamp formats, consistent URL structures, nested relationships, error message schemas, caching, pagination, versioning, security, and clear documentation with executable examples.
This article presents a Python solution that parses Tencent video URLs, retrieves encrypted TS video segments through a third‑party VIP service, downloads them concurrently, and merges the segments into a playable MP4 file, detailing the required environment, workflow, and complete source code.
This article analyzes the performance bottlenecks of Baidu mini‑program package installation, proposes a streaming download approach that parallelizes network I/O with signature verification and decompression, and provides detailed Java implementation using a MultiPipe pipeline to achieve a 21% reduction in download time.
This article explains how to globally handle LocalDate, LocalDateTime, and LocalTime parameters in Spring Boot 2.x by creating custom Converter beans, configuring Jackson's ObjectMapper, using @DateTimeFormat, ControllerAdvice, and understanding the underlying parameter resolution mechanisms to avoid common pitfalls such as lambda‑based converter registration failures.
This article explains how Spring's three‑level cache (singleton, early‑singleton, and singleton‑factory caches) works together with bean post‑processors to break circular dependencies and correctly create AOP proxies, while also showing how to disable circular references when needed.
This tutorial walks a JavaScript‑savvy developer through creating a Rust‑based Apollo Federation GraphQL API, covering project setup with Cargo, required dependencies, async main function, schema and type definitions, federation extensions, and how to run the user and dog sub‑services on separate ports.
This article narrates the step‑by‑step evolution of a custom workflow engine, detailing how simple sequential approvers were transformed into a tree‑structured system supporting parallel, multi‑sign, conditional, delegation, and nested nodes, complete with status management and progress metrics.
This tutorial presents a complete Python + Django e‑commerce mini‑project, outlining its main features, required environment, step‑by‑step installation commands, configuration changes, database setup, and how to run the application locally for self‑learners.
The article explains why Java applications often experience high latency during the first few requests after startup, describes the role of the JVM interpreter and JIT compilation in creating hotspot code, and offers practical solutions such as JIT warm‑up techniques and traffic pre‑warming to improve performance.
This article introduces FastMyBatis, a zero‑configuration MyBatis extension that simplifies CRUD operations in Spring Boot projects, provides code examples for quick start, outlines service and mapper implementations, lists available mapper methods, and shows how to build query objects for flexible data access.
This article chronicles how 于雨 transformed Dubbogo—from a one‑person Go implementation of the Dubbo RPC framework into a large, cloud‑native open‑source community—detailing technical challenges, community building, personal sacrifices, and future goals for sustainable growth.
This article provides a comprehensive guide on selecting and structuring a backend technology stack for startups, covering language choices, core components, processes, system integration, and practical recommendations for cloud services, databases, RPC frameworks, monitoring, and deployment pipelines.
This article explains three request‑collapsing approaches—Hystrix Collapser, a custom BatchCollapser, and Guava's ConcurrentHashMultiset—detailing their design, configuration, Java implementations, and suitable scenarios for reducing downstream load and improving system throughput.
This article describes how a company replaced manual host‑file based test environment access with DNS wildcard domain resolution, detailing the evolution from fixed to dynamic environments, the configuration steps on the Zhuanzhuan DNS platform, and the resulting improvements in operational efficiency and deployment simplicity.
The article analyzes Alibaba's business middle platform strategy, exposing its inefficiencies caused by deep coupling, high collaboration, cognitive, and stability costs, and proposes practical solutions such as thinning business capabilities, strengthening platform services, decoupling via service-oriented architecture, and adopting Platform-as-Code with componentization.
This article describes the end‑to‑end design, architecture, code implementation, and deployment steps for an internal intelligent QA chatbot named “Jarvis”, covering its V1.0 browser‑based prototype, V2.0 AI‑enhanced version, DingTalk integration, automation features, and future roadmap.
This article introduces Spring Retry's @Retryable annotation, explains its purpose, shows how to add the Maven dependency, enable retry support, annotate methods with retry settings, handle failures with @Recover, and outlines important considerations for reliable retry mechanisms in Java backend development.
To keep community feeds smooth despite network or backend failures, the system employs multiple fallback mechanisms—including Redis‑cached recommendation pools, CDN‑mirrored response files, asynchronous content caching, specialized follow‑feed and outfit‑selection caches, detail‑page preloading, and fine‑grained monitoring with alerts—ensuring continuous scrolling and a better user experience.
This article explains Nginx's multi‑process design, detailing how the master process handles socket binding and listening while each worker creates its own epoll instance, registers events, and processes connections through a well‑structured event loop with code examples from the source tree.
This article explains Java's CompletableFuture—its purpose, key features like thenCompose, thenCombine, thenAccept, thenRun, thenApply, and provides a detailed walkthrough of its internal implementation, including code examples and the mechanics of task dependency handling.
This article demonstrates how to implement HTTP requests in Java using the built-in HttpURLConnection class, covering request creation, adding parameters, setting headers, handling timeouts, cookies, redirects, and reading responses, including error handling, with complete code examples.
This article explores practical approaches for building a distributed WebSocket cluster in a Spring Cloud environment, covering session handling, Netty versus Spring WebSocket implementations, session broadcasting, consistent‑hash routing, gateway configuration, Ribbon limitations, and provides code examples for each solution.
This article explains the fundamental concepts, design requirements, and modeling techniques for payment accounts and transaction flows in e‑commerce systems, covering distinctions between payment and login accounts, internal vs. external accounts, and detailed entity, account, and transaction models.
This article explains why Dubbo’s RPC model and single‑connection design make it unsuitable for transmitting large files, compares it with HTTP streaming, and shows how Feign’s encoder still loads whole payloads into memory, recommending direct client uploads instead.
This collection highlights a free ByteDance backend training camp, alternatives to web frameworks, Node.js architecture, Flutter performance tricks, an underrated Deno overview, Chrome 100 updates, transitional architecture concepts, a Koa2 signaling server tutorial, a detailed Webpack component library guide, and a comprehensive comparison of npm, npx, cnpm, yarn, and pnpm.
This article recounts a series of real‑world challenges—including Excel‑to‑SQL imports, temporary table handling, Canal service failures, jar conflicts, and deployment mistakes—and explains the step‑by‑step solutions that restored system stability and delivered the required data to operations.
This article explains the eight situations that trigger flow control in RocketMQ—four on the broker side and four on the consumer side—detailing their causes, relevant code paths, and practical measures such as broker scaling or consumer optimization to resolve them.
This article details the design and implementation of a highly available membership platform, covering Elasticsearch dual‑center primary‑backup clusters, traffic‑isolation architectures, deep ES optimizations, Redis caching and dual‑center clusters, MySQL partitioned clusters, seamless SqlServer‑to‑MySQL migration, abnormal member governance, and refined flow‑control and degradation strategies.
To orchestrate multi‑channel marketing activities, the article explains how a finite‑state machine models status flows, compares conditional, state‑pattern, and DSL implementations, evaluates Spring Statemachine, Squirrel, and Cola frameworks, and showcases Vivo’s high‑performance DSL‑based FSM as a practical solution.
This article provides a comprehensive tutorial on Spring Boot's auto‑configuration process, covering bean injection styles, XML and JavaConfig configurations, BeanDefinition internals, autowire modes, constructor argument handling, custom BeanFactoryPostProcessor usage, @Import mechanisms, and the inner workings of Spring Boot's EnableAutoConfiguration and its loading of META‑INF/spring.factories.
This article explains how to perform MySQL pagination manually in a Java backend using MyBatis by calculating offset and limit, adding total‑count queries, and exposing a REST endpoint that returns paged data and total records without relying on the PageHelper plugin.
This article explains what CORS is, shows the typical browser error, and provides step‑by‑step SpringBoot configuration and custom filter techniques—including priority settings—to reliably enable cross‑origin requests in Java backend applications.
This article explains how to create a Spring Boot AOP request‑logging aspect that captures request parameters, execution time, results, and errors, while also adding trace‑ID support for easier debugging in high‑concurrency environments.
This article compares three popular open‑source message brokers—RabbitMQ, Kafka, and Redis—examining their scalability, persistence, consumer models, and ideal use cases to help developers select the most suitable asynchronous communication solution for their microservice architecture.
This article explains how to design a gRPC connection pool, covering scaling rules, idle‑connection timeout and keep‑alive, pool‑full handling, core gRPC features, and practical tuning parameters to achieve high performance in high‑concurrency backend services.
This article explains how to create the open‑source pm2-intercom-log4js tool to reliably synchronize log4js output in PM2’s multi‑process mode, covering log4js’s sync mechanism, PM2 process management, IPC communication, and alternative messaging approaches with practical code examples.
This article explains the challenges of generating globally unique identifiers in distributed systems and presents various solutions—including UUID, database auto‑increment, Redis atomic counters, and the Snowflake algorithm—detailing their requirements, implementations in Java and SpringBoot, and their pros and cons.
The article explains how to prevent duplicate requests on the server side by using unique request identifiers stored in Redis, hashing request parameters (excluding volatile fields) with MD5, and provides a reusable Java helper class with example code and test logs.
This tutorial demonstrates how to add Create, Read, Update, and Delete functionality to a SpringBoot application using MyBatis XML mappers, configure the datasource in application.yml, and expose REST endpoints through a service and controller layer.
This article details the design, architecture, key technologies, and deployment of Xiaosi, an AI‑powered intelligent customer service chatbot built on the internal IM platform, highlighting its problem‑diagnosis accuracy, manpower savings, adapter mechanism, high‑availability backend, and practical use cases.
This article explains how to diagnose and fix common CORS problems between a localhost frontend and backend by configuring Nginx as a reverse proxy, covering preflight requests, required response headers, multiple error scenarios, and complete Nginx configuration examples.
This article explains the officially announced Spring Framework remote code execution vulnerability CVE‑2022‑22965, outlines the affected environments, provides upgrade paths for Spring and Spring Boot, and shares safe code‑based mitigation techniques for developers.
This beginner-friendly tutorial walks through creating a Spring Boot project, adding MySQL and MyBatis dependencies, configuring the application.yml file, and implementing UserMapper, User, and UserController classes to demonstrate a complete MySQL query demo.
The article discusses how to achieve interface idempotency using unique business identifiers or token mechanisms, then explores distributed rate limiting by outlining its dimensions, common algorithms such as token bucket and leaky bucket, and provides concrete implementation examples with Guava RateLimiter, Nginx, and Redis‑Lua scripts.
This article presents a comprehensive design of a unified multi‑account login system, covering self‑built phone‑number authentication, password‑less login, third‑party integrations (Weibo, WeChat, QQ), database schema separation for user basics and authorizations, and a one‑click mobile number login flow, while discussing advantages, drawbacks, and implementation details.
This article introduces Netty, explains Java's BIO/NIO/AIO models, compares reactor threading architectures, details Netty's internal thread and handler pipeline design, and provides a complete example of building a high‑performance HTTP server with Netty.
This article compares several approaches to implementing delayed tasks in Java, including Quartz polling, JDK DelayQueue, Netty's HashedWheelTimer, Redis sorted sets and keyspace notifications, and RabbitMQ delayed queues, analyzing their principles, code examples, advantages, and drawbacks for order timeout handling.
The article describes how a three‑day, cross‑team investigation of a mini‑program image‑upload failure led to the design and implementation of an SRE‑driven, metrics‑driven observability platform that quantifies SLIs, automates tracing, and provides dashboards for real‑time and long‑term analysis, ultimately reducing MTTR.
This article presents a curated list of fifteen widely used open‑source Python frameworks, covering full‑stack web development, lightweight micro‑frameworks, event‑driven I/O, OLAP, distributed computing, continuous integration, and web crawling, each with a brief functional overview.
This article explains how to start a new project using Domain‑Driven Design, describes the evolution from SaaS to PaaS to IaaS, introduces bounded contexts, the four‑layer DDD boundaries, and compares clean, hexagonal, and onion architectures for building maintainable backend systems.
This article explores several methods for creating PHP extensions—including native C, Zephir, php-cpp, php-x, and CGO—provides sample code, describes compilation steps, and compares their execution speed using a Fibonacci benchmark with and without PHP JIT.
This article explains server‑side strategies for preventing duplicate user requests—covering unique request IDs, parameter‑based deduplication with MD5 hashes, handling time‑dependent fields, and a complete Java utility class that leverages Redis SETNX with expiration to ensure idempotent operations.
This article details a step‑by‑step engineering experiment that reproduces a high‑throughput "red‑envelope" service, outlining the required hardware, software stack, load‑generation logic, monitoring setup, and performance results for handling up to 6 000 QPS on a 100‑million‑user scale.
This page compiles a curated list of technical articles covering API testing, HTTP client usage, socket programming, Java NIO, and related backend development topics, each linked with its publication date for reference.
This article traces the evolution of Node.js web frameworks—from early lightweight options like Express and Koa, through enterprise‑grade solutions such as Egg and Midway, to modern front‑end‑oriented stacks like Next.js and Nuxt.js—highlighting their features, trade‑offs, and the progressive design principles that enable seamless full‑stack development.
The article presents a comprehensive design of the Cleaner anti‑crawler system, detailing its background, current challenges, related research, system architecture—including data processing, ban center, and ban store modules built on Flink, MQ, and Redis—implementation details, effectiveness evaluation, and concluding insights on achieving real‑time accuracy in protecting platform data.
The article analyzes various cache update strategies—including delete‑then‑write, write‑then‑delete, and asynchronous binlog subscription—examining their impact on system throughput, concurrency safety, failure scenarios, and fault detection to ensure data consistency between cache and database.
Through systematic measurement, bottleneck identification, and targeted optimizations—including lock redesign, Redis caching, and URL parsing improvements—the author transformed a Go‑based Dubbo registry’s registration throughput from 40 QPS to over 1100 QPS, demonstrating practical performance‑tuning techniques for high‑scale backend services.
The article examines the chaotic changes in Jira's newer API version, detailing six incompatible methods of passing issue status parameters, explains the mismatch between name and id fields, and provides Java helper functions to handle these inconsistencies effectively.
This article examines the characteristics of Redis and Memcached, identifies typical design mistakes such as consistency, cache avalanche, hot‑key, penetration and breakdown issues, and presents practical mitigation strategies—including consistent hashing, binlog‑driven cache invalidation, distributed locking, and multi‑node replication—to help backend engineers build reliable high‑concurrency cache layers.
When a Spring @Bean is defined with multiple names, only the first name becomes the bean identifier while the others become aliases that are ignored by type‑based Map injection, causing dynamic data‑source routing to fail unless the aliases are manually added back into the map.
This article dissects Go's net package, showing how its Listen, Accept, Read and Write functions combine goroutines with epoll to deliver synchronous‑style code that avoids costly thread switches, and walks through the underlying source code and runtime mechanisms step by step.
This article explains how to enhance Spring Cache by creating custom cache annotations, replacing the costly KEYS command with SCAN in a rewritten DefaultRedisCacheWriter, and dynamically registering RedisCacheManager beans to support per‑module TTL and transaction‑aware caching, all illustrated with full Java code examples.
This article explains how Redis can be used to build message queues by leveraging List commands with LPUSH/RPOP and BRPOPLPUSH for simple queues, the Stream data type introduced in Redis 5.0 for durable, ordered, consumer‑group‑based queues, and the Pub/Sub model for real‑time broadcasting, while also analyzing the underlying source code structures such as quicklist, radix trees, and stream internals.
This roundup covers recent Java ecosystem developments, including the promotion of the Value Objects (Preview) JEP to candidate status, release notes for JDK 18 and early‑access JDK 19 builds, multiple Spring project updates such as Spring Boot 2.7.0‑M1, Spring Data 3.0‑M2 with ListCrudRepository, Spring Security enhancements, as well as Quarkus 2.7.2.Final and a new early‑access version of JReleaser adding Windows resources to jpackage.
This article outlines the step‑by‑step evolution of Taobao's backend architecture—from a single‑machine setup to distributed clusters, caching, load balancing, database sharding, microservices, containerization, and finally cloud‑native deployment—highlighting the technologies and design principles involved at each stage.
This article explains the fundamental concepts of software architecture, including definitions of systems, subsystems, modules, components, and frameworks, outlines various architectural layers such as business, application, data, code, technical, and deployment, and discusses evolution from monolithic to distributed and microservice architectures along with common pitfalls and evaluation criteria.
