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Architecture & Thinking
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Architecture & Thinking

🍭 Frontline tech director and chief architect at top-tier companies 🥝 Years of deep experience in internet, e‑commerce, social, and finance sectors 🌾 Committed to publishing high‑quality articles covering core technologies of leading internet firms, application architecture, and AI breakthroughs.

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Recent Articles

Latest from Architecture & Thinking

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Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Aug 1, 2024 · Databases

Choosing the Right Sharding Middleware: ShardingSphere vs MyCAT vs Vitess

This article explains why sharding is needed for high‑traffic databases, outlines vertical and horizontal partitioning, and compares three popular sharding middleware—ShardingSphere, MyCAT, and Vitess—detailing their architectures, advantages, and ideal use cases to help engineers select the right solution.

Database MiddlewareScalabilitydistributed architecture
0 likes · 9 min read
Choosing the Right Sharding Middleware: ShardingSphere vs MyCAT vs Vitess
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Jul 24, 2024 · Databases

Why MySQL Pagination Slows Down and How to Speed It Up

This article examines why MySQL pagination using large LIMIT OFFSET values becomes increasingly slow, explains the underlying scanning behavior, and presents six practical optimization techniques—including indexed subqueries, cursor‑based pagination, column selection, partitioning, caching, and hardware considerations—to dramatically improve query performance on massive tables.

DatabaseOptimizationSQL
0 likes · 7 min read
Why MySQL Pagination Slows Down and How to Speed It Up
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Jul 19, 2024 · Backend Development

Why Modern Internet Architecture Gets Complex and How to Master Flash‑Sale Systems

The article examines why internet architectures have become increasingly complex, explains the unique challenges of flash‑sale (秒杀) business scenarios, and presents practical backend optimization techniques such as request filtering, Redis caching with atomic operations, ordered queues, data‑layer safeguards, and unit‑based isolation for global deployments.

CachingRedisarchitecture
0 likes · 9 min read
Why Modern Internet Architecture Gets Complex and How to Master Flash‑Sale Systems
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Jun 19, 2024 · Artificial Intelligence

Build AI‑Native Apps Quickly with Spring AI: From Chat Models to RAG

This guide explains what an AI‑native application is, compares AI‑native and AI‑based approaches, and walks through Spring AI’s core features—including chat models, prompt templates, function calling, structured output, image generation, embedding, and vector stores—showing step‑by‑step code examples and how to assemble a complete AI‑native app with RAG support.

AI native applicationFunction CallingJava
0 likes · 43 min read
Build AI‑Native Apps Quickly with Spring AI: From Chat Models to RAG
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Jun 18, 2024 · Fundamentals

4‑Layer vs 7‑Layer Gateways: Choosing the Right Solution for Your Network

This article explains the principles, core implementations, performance trade‑offs, and typical use cases of 4‑layer (transport‑level) and 7‑layer (application‑level) gateways, helping readers understand how each operates within the OSI/TCP‑IP models and choose the appropriate solution for their network architecture.

OSITCP/IPgateway
0 likes · 9 min read
4‑Layer vs 7‑Layer Gateways: Choosing the Right Solution for Your Network
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
May 21, 2024 · Fundamentals

Mastering Distributed Consistency: Paxos, Raft, and ZAB Explained

This article examines high‑concurrency distributed consistency algorithms—explaining the CAP challenges, detailing Paxos, Raft, and ZAB’s core concepts, roles, and workflow, and discussing their practical applications and selection criteria for ensuring strong data consistency in critical systems.

CAP theoremPaxosRaft
0 likes · 13 min read
Mastering Distributed Consistency: Paxos, Raft, and ZAB Explained
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Apr 21, 2024 · Backend Development

How to Ensure Reliability, Ordering, and Security in Billion‑User IM Systems

This article explores the key challenges of building a large‑scale instant‑messaging service—including message reliability, ordering, read‑sync, data security, avalanche effects, and weak‑network handling—and presents practical architectural and algorithmic solutions for each problem.

Backend ArchitectureData SecurityInstant Messaging
0 likes · 21 min read
How to Ensure Reliability, Ordering, and Security in Billion‑User IM Systems
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Apr 16, 2024 · Databases

Master MySQL InnoDB Locks: How SELECT…FOR UPDATE Behaves

This article explains the default repeatable‑read isolation level in InnoDB, details the three main lock types—record, gap, and next‑key—and shows how SELECT … FOR UPDATE applies different locking rules depending on primary key, unique, ordinary, range, or table‑scan queries, with practical SQL examples.

Database ConcurrencyInnoDBSELECT FOR UPDATE
0 likes · 10 min read
Master MySQL InnoDB Locks: How SELECT…FOR UPDATE Behaves
Architecture & Thinking
Architecture & Thinking
Apr 10, 2024 · Operations

How Redis Sentinel Ensures Automatic Failover and High Availability

Redis Sentinel provides automatic monitoring, fault detection, and failover for Redis master‑slave clusters, enabling high availability by electing a new master when the original fails, using sdown/odown states, quorum voting, and pub/sub communication to keep services running with minimal downtime.

Monitoringfailoverhigh availability
0 likes · 11 min read
How Redis Sentinel Ensures Automatic Failover and High Availability