Super Data Center Definition, Types, Infrastructure, and Development Trends

A super data center is defined as an electronic information system room whose equipment consists of supercomputer systems, according to the Chinese national standard GB50174 and the North American TIA‑942 standard for data centers.

Various data‑center types are listed, including super‑computing centers, cloud data centers, Internet data centers (IDC), and enterprise data centers (EDC).

The article distinguishes four layers of data‑center architecture: the broad concept encompassing all four layers and the narrow concept focusing only on the basic infrastructure layer.

Four generations of data centers are described: 1960s scientific‑computing rooms, 1990s business‑oriented tower servers, 2000s rack‑mounted internet servers, and 2010s cloud‑based facilities.

The power‑distribution subsystem includes high‑voltage transformers, diesel generators, UPS, and distribution cabinets, using a three‑phase 380 V (220 V per phase) TN‑S‑C system. Capacity calculations are provided, e.g., a server rated 220 V 2 A consumes 440 VA, and a three‑phase 16 A PDU supplies 10.5 kVA.

The cooling subsystem comprises indoor and outdoor air‑conditioning units and piping, with two refrigerant types (fluorocarbon and chilled‑water). Heat load is calculated as electrical power (kVA) multiplied by the power factor (0.7‑0.8 for PC servers, 0.95‑0.99 for blade servers). Typical cooling capacities for super‑computing racks are 8‑12 kW.

Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) is defined as total data‑center energy consumption divided by IT‑equipment energy consumption; a value close to 1 indicates high efficiency.

Energy flow in data‑center cooling moves heat from servers to the outdoors, either by natural heat transfer or by performing work via refrigeration.

Future trends for super‑computing center infrastructure focus on higher density (e.g., 200 nodes per rack, reduced floor space) and lower PUE (target < 1.2). Technical approaches include dual‑layer integration of power, cooling, and control systems; high‑voltage DC distribution; natural cooling when outdoor temperature exceeds indoor; and liquid cooling, with a natural‑cooling limit of 35 °C and a PUE goal below 1.2 in Beijing.

The article concludes with a reference to a detailed document titled “Super Computing Center Infrastructure Development Trends,” and provides a download link (Baidu Cloud) with extraction code “urvx”.