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The article dissects Node.js v17’s source to reveal how the CommonJS `require` system is bootstrapped, how native modules are loaded, how `Module._load` resolves, caches, and executes user files, and how the overall CJS loading pipeline operates step‑by‑step.
This article explains how Node.js implements module loading using the CommonJS wrapper, demonstrates the role of the built‑in vm module for isolated execution, and walks through building a custom Require function with path resolution, file reading, extension handling, caching, and automatic extension resolution.
Node.js implements the CommonJS module system by using global require and module objects that, when a module is requested, resolve its absolute path, load and wrap the file, evaluate it to populate module.exports, cache the result, and handle exports, circular dependencies, JSON and native addons.
This article delves into Node.js’s module system, explaining the CommonJS specification, how Node implements module loading, resolution, caching, and execution, and provides detailed analysis of core source code including Module constructor, require, _load, _resolveFilename, and file extension handling.