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Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a statistical heuristic algorithm that builds decision trees through selection, expansion, simulation, and backpropagation, enabling breakthroughs like AlphaGo’s victory and finding applications in robotics, autonomous driving, finance, and bioinformatics.
Game AI relies on a variety of search techniques—ranging from uninformed breadth‑first and depth‑first methods to heuristic‑driven A*, minimax with alpha‑beta pruning, and Monte Carlo Tree Search—as well as optimization approaches such as hill climbing, simulated annealing, genetic and evolution strategies, multi‑objective evolutionary algorithms, and neuroevolutionary methods like NEAT to generate intelligent, balanced, and adaptable game behavior.
This article explains Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), covering its origin in AlphaGo, fundamental algorithm steps, node‑selection strategies such as UCB, strengths and weaknesses, enhancements, historical background, and recent research developments in artificial intelligence.