Understanding SQL Injection and Prevention Techniques in Java Projects

What is SQL Injection?

SQL injection occurs when a web application fails to properly validate or filter user‑provided data, allowing an attacker to append malicious SQL statements to a predefined query, causing the database to execute unauthorized operations and potentially expose sensitive data.

Example of vulnerable code:

String sql = "delete from table1 where id = " + "id";

If the id parameter is taken directly from the request and an attacker supplies 1001 or 1 = 1 , the final statement becomes:

String sql = "delete from table1 where id = 1001 or 1 = 1";

This condition always evaluates to true, causing the entire table1 to be cleared, which is a severe consequence.

Java Project Prevention Methods

The article summarizes four approaches to prevent SQL injection in Java applications:

PreparedStatement – Uses parameter placeholders ("?") so the SQL structure is fixed and the database treats the input as data, not code.

MyBatis #{} – Similar to PreparedStatement, the #{} syntax creates a prepared statement, while ${} performs raw string substitution and should be avoided for user data.

Request‑parameter filtering – Implements a servlet filter that scans all incoming parameters for dangerous keywords or characters and rejects the request if a match is found.

Nginx reverse‑proxy rules – Configures Nginx to block suspicious request methods, query strings, and user‑agent strings that contain typical injection patterns.

1. PreparedStatement

Using a prepared statement, the SQL becomes:

delete from table1 where id = ?

Any attempt to inject additional clauses (e.g., 1001 or 1 = 1 ) will cause a syntax error, preventing the attack.

2. MyBatis #{}

MyBatis’s #{} placeholder works like a prepared statement, safely binding parameters. In contrast, ${} performs direct string replacement and should only be used for non‑user‑controlled values such as table names.

3. Request‑parameter Filtering (Spring Boot Example)

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebFilter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

@WebFilter(urlPatterns = "/*", filterName = "sqlFilter")
@Configuration
public class SqlFilter implements Filter {
    @Override
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {}

    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        ServletRequest request = servletRequest;
        ServletResponse response = servletResponse;
        Enumeration
names = request.getParameterNames();
        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
        while (names.hasMoreElements()) {
            String name = names.nextElement();
            String[] values = request.getParameterValues(name);
            for (String v : values) {
                sql.append(v);
            }
        }
        if (sqlValidate(sql.toString())) {
            throw new IOException("Parameter contains illegal characters");
        } else {
            filterChain.doFilter(request, response);
        }
    }

    protected static boolean sqlValidate(String str) {
        String s = str.toLowerCase();
        String badStr = "select|update|and|or|delete|insert|truncate|char|into|substr|ascii|declare|exec|count|master|drop|execute|table|" +
                        "char|declare|sitename|xp_cmdshell|like|from|grant|use|group_concat|column_name|" +
                        "information_schema.columns|table_schema|union|where|order|by|" +
                        "'\\*|\\;|\\-|\\--|\\+|\\,|\\//|\\/|\\%|\\#";
        return s.matches(badStr);
    }

    @Override
    public void destroy() {}
}

4. Nginx Reverse‑Proxy Configuration

Place the following directives inside the server block and restart Nginx:

if ($request_method !~* GET|POST) { return 444; }
# Block suspicious query strings
if ($query_string ~* (\$|\'|--|[+|(%20)]union[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]insert[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]drop[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]truncate[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]update[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]from[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]grant[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]exec[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]where[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]select[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]and[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]or[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]count[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]exec[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]chr[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]mid[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]like[+|(%20)]|[+|(%20)]iframe[+|(%20)]|[<|%3c]script[> |%3e]|javascript|alert|webscan|dbappsecurity|style|confirm\(|innerhtml|innertext)(.*)$) { return 555; }
# Additional filters for URI, user‑agent, referer, etc.

These Nginx rules reject requests containing typical injection patterns, malicious user‑agents, or suspicious referers, reducing the attack surface at the network edge.

Source: blog.csdn.net (original article). The remainder of the page contains promotional material for a backend‑focused technical community, which is not part of the instructional content.