Mastering WebRTC: From Camera Capture to Screen Sharing in the Browser

2021‑01‑26, W3C and IETF announced WebRTC as an official standard, marking its maturity. The IMWeb team has early experience with WebRTC in applications such as Tencent Classroom and Penguin Tutor.

1. Basic Concepts of Audio/Video Capture

Before using the JavaScript APIs for audio/video capture, understand basic concepts.

Camera

Used to capture images and video.

Frame Rate

Number of frames captured per second; higher frame rate yields smoother video but increases bandwidth.

Resolution

Measures data amount of a video image, expressed as 1080p, 720p, etc.; higher resolution improves clarity but consumes more bandwidth.

Microphone

Used to capture audio data.

Sample Rate

Number of audio samples per second; higher sample rate yields more realistic sound. 8000 Hz is sufficient for voice.

Track

In multimedia, a track is an independent stream of data (e.g., audio track, video track) that does not intersect with other tracks.

Stream

A container that can hold one or more audio or video tracks (MediaStream) or data tracks (DataStream).

2. Audio/Video Capture

getUserMedia

The

navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(constnraints)

method obtains a media stream from the user's devices. It returns a Promise that resolves with a

MediaStream

, which can be assigned to a

video

or

audio

element via

srcObject

or

URL.createObjectURL

.

Possible errors caught by

.catch

include:

AbortError – hardware problem.

NotFoundError – no media type matches the constraints.

NotReadableError – OS, browser, or page prevents device access.

TypeError – constraints object is empty or all false.

OverConstrainedError – device cannot satisfy the requested constraints.

SecurityError – permission not granted.

NotAllowedError – user denied permission.

MediaStreamConstraints Parameters

Constraints specify which tracks to include and their limits. Example:

<code>const mediaStreamConstraints = {
  video: true,
  audio: true
};</code>

More detailed constraints:

<code>const mediaStreamConstraints = {
  video: {
    frameRate: { min: 20 },
    width: { min: 640, ideal: 1280 },
    height: { min: 360, ideal: 720 },
    aspectRatio: 16/9
  },
  audio: {
    echoCancellation: true,
    noiseSuppression: true,
    autoGainControl: true
  }
};</code>

Using Captured Media Streams

Example of playing a video stream locally:

<code>const constraints = { video: true };
const localVideo = document.querySelector('video');

function gotLocalMediaStream(stream) {
  localVideo.srcObject = stream;
  localVideo.play();
}

function handleLocalMediaStreamError(error) {
  console.log('getUserMedia failed:', error);
}

navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(constraints)
  .then(gotLocalMediaStream)
  .catch(handleLocalMediaStreamError);
</code>

3. Audio/Video Devices

The

MediaDevices

interface provides methods to enumerate connected media devices and to request access.

Each

MediaDeviceInfo

contains:

deviceId – unique identifier.

label – device name (empty unless permission granted via HTTPS).

kind – type of device (audioinput, audiooutput, videoinput, etc.).

Example to list devices:

<code>MediaDevices.enumerateDevices().then(deviceList => {
  console.log(deviceList);
});
</code>

4. Audio/Video Recording and Screen Sharing

Audio/Video Recording

Recording can be performed on the server or client; client‑side recording is simpler but CPU‑intensive.

Browser provides

MediaRecorder

to record a

MediaStream

. Example:

<code>const options = { mimeType: 'video/webm;codecs=vp8' };
if (!MediaRecorder.isTypeSupported(options.mimeType)) {
  console.error(`${options.mimeType} is not supported!`);
  return;
}
const mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(stream, options);
let chunks = [];

mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = e => {
  if (e.data && e.data.size > 0) chunks.push(e.data);
};

mediaRecorder.start(10); // collect data every 10 ms
</code>

After stopping, combine chunks into a

Blob

and play:

<code>const blob = new Blob(chunks, { type: 'video/webm' });
const video = document.getElementById('playback');
video.src = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
video.controls = true;
video.play();
</code>

Screen Sharing

Screen sharing is treated as a special media source. Use

navigator.mediaDevices.getDisplayMedia({ video: true })

to capture the screen. Example:

<code>function getDeskStream(stream) {
  localStream = stream;
}

function shareDesktop() {
  if (utils.isPC) {
    navigator.mediaDevices.getDisplayMedia({ video: true })
      .then(getDeskStream)
      .catch(handleError);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
</code>

Note: audio constraints cannot be set when capturing the screen.

Screen sharing workflow: capture → encode (H264/VP8) → transmit → decode → render. Unlike RDP/VNC, WebRTC uses video codecs for compression.

Overall, the article covers the fundamentals of browser‑based audio/video capture, device enumeration, recording with

MediaRecorder

, and screen sharing via

getDisplayMedia

, providing code snippets for each step.