Comprehensive Python Basics: Numbers, Strings, Functions, Data Structures, Classes, and Utilities

This article provides a comprehensive Python tutorial covering numeric operations such as absolute value, base conversions, and arithmetic functions.

It demonstrates string handling techniques including encoding to bytes, converting objects to strings, executing code strings, formatting, and using slice objects.

The guide explains common built‑in functions like sorting, summing, and using lambda expressions, and illustrates function parameter types, default values, and keyword‑only arguments.

Data structure creation is covered with examples for dictionaries, frozensets, sets, tuples, and slice objects, showing how to convert and manipulate them.

Object‑oriented programming concepts are introduced, including class definition, __repr__, callable objects, attribute management, inheritance, metaclasses, and property creation.

Utility functions such as enumerate, sys.getsizeof, filter, hash, help, input, iter, open, range, reversed, zip, and JSON serialization are demonstrated with code snippets.

Example code snippets:

abs(-6)  # 6

bin(10)  # '0b1010'

int('12', 16)  # 18

class Student:
    def __init__(self, id, name):
        self.id = id
        self.name = name

json.dump([xiaoming, xiaohong], f, default=lambda obj: obj.__dict__, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2, sort_keys=True)