Comprehensive Overview of Python Built‑in Types and Common Methods

The article introduces Python's most basic built‑in classes—int, float, str, list, dict, set, and tuple—explaining that integers and floats are used for numeric assignments, tuples are immutable, and the mutable types (str, list, dict, set) are the most frequently used for flexible data manipulation.

String (str) operations cover condition checks (using a in b , a not in b , a is b ), value extraction via indexing ( a[2] ) and slicing ( a[2:3] ), and common element methods such as a.endswith('d') , a.startswith('d') , a.isalnum() , a.isalpha() , a.isdigit() , a.isspace() , a.istitle() , a.islower() , a.isupper() , a.lower() , a.upper() , a.swapcase() , a.capitalize() , a.title() . It also describes removal methods ( a.lstrip('m') , a.rstrip('m') , a.strip('m') ), joining ( 'm'.join(str) , 'm'.join(list) ), replacement ( st.replace('a','b',n) ) and translation using str.maketrans , as well as tab expansion with st.expandtabs(tabsize=8) .

Dictionary (dict) methods include .clear() , .copy() , .fromkeys() , .get(key, default=None) , membership test key in dict , .items() , .keys() , .setdefault(key, default=None) , .update() , .values() , .pop(key[, default]) , and .popitem() .

Set (set) operations are divided into methods that return a new set and those that modify the original set (illustrated with images in the original source).

List (list) operations are grouped into addition ( list.append(obj) , list.insert(index, obj) , list.extend(list) ), deletion ( del list[index] , list.pop(index) , list.remove(obj) , list.clear() ), modification ( list[index] = obj ), searching ( list.index(obj) , list.count(obj) ), sorting ( list.sort(key=..., reverse=...) , sorted(iterable, key=..., reverse=...) , list.reverse() ), and copying ( list.copy() ).

Built‑in functions and object utilities cover object creation ( object() ), callability ( callable(object) ), type checking ( isinstance(object, class) , type() ), identity ( id(object) ), length ( len(object) ), memory view ( memoryview(obj) ), global and local namespaces ( globals() , locals() ), attribute handling ( getattr , setattr , hasattr , delattr ), class hierarchy ( issubclass , super() ), and mathematical utilities ( abs , round , bin , hex , oct , divmod , pow , max , min , sum ).

Iterator utilities include all(iterable) , any(iterable) , iter() , next(iterator, default) , frozenset(iterable) , filter(func, iterable) , map(function, iterable, ...) , zip(iterables...) , range(start, stop, step) , slice(start, end, step) , reversed(sequence) , and sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False) .

Type conversion functions such as bool(object) , str(object, encoding, errors) , int(value, base=10) , float(value) , complex(real, imag) , list(iterable) , tuple(iterable) , set(iterable) , dict(key1=value1, ...) , and enumerate(iterable, start=0) are described.

String and byte operations include ascii(object) , chr(x) , format(value, format_spec) , ord(c) , bytearray(...) , and bytes(...) with notes on mutability.

Compilation and execution functions are presented: compile(source, filename, mode, ...) , eval(source, globals=None, locals=None) , exec(source, globals=None, locals=None) , input(prompt) , and print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False) .

File operations cover opening files with open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None) , file object attributes ( f.buffer , f.closed , f.encoding , etc.), and methods such as f.close() , f.detach() , f.fileno() , f.flush() , f.isatty() , f.read(size) , f.readable() , f.readline(size) , f.readlines(sizehint) , f.reconfigure(...) , f.seek(offset) , f.seekable() , f.tell() , f.truncate(size=None) , f.write(str) , f.writable() , and f.writelines(list) .